Prevalence of PPR in Goats

Prevalence of PPR in Goats Introduction Goats play an important role in sustainable agriculture, employment generation and enhance the traditional economy of Bangladesh. Goats husbandry is one of the most important sources of incomes for rural families, marginal farmers, children, landless laborers and distress women who cannot afford to rear cattle, hence, goat is called The cow of poor people in Bangladesh. They provide mainly milk, meat, hides and skins as important export item. There are about 20.75 million goats in Bangladesh (DLS, 2007). The goats had second position in terms of meat, milk and skin production representing about 38.0%, 23.0% and 28.0% respectively to the total contribution of livestock in Bangladesh (Devendra, 2007). PPR is one of the major problems for the development of goats industry in Bangladesh. PPR is a serious disease threatening the livelihood of poor farmers (Diallo et al., 2007). A Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is a highly contagious and infectious disease of goats caused by a morbilli virus and transmitted by direct contact (Awa et al., 2000). The disease had a course of per acute, acute or chronic with very high morbidity and mortality (Jones et al. 1997). Peste des petits ruminants (PPR) is an acute febrile viral disease of small ruminants, characterized by mucopurulent nasal and ocular discharges, necrotising and erosive stomatitis, enteritis and pneumonia (Singh et al., 2004; Ismail et al., 1995). PPR has been recognized to a highly contagious viral disease of small ruminants, particularly in goats in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2001). The outbreaks of PPR caused 74.13% morbidity and 54.83% mortality in Black Bengal goats in Bangladesh (Islam et al., 2001; Das et al., 2007). PPR was first discovered in Ivory Cost in1942. PPR was once thought to be only an African problem, but the recent outbreaks in Middle East and Indian sub-continent causing alarming losses of animals especially goats. Outbreaks of PPR are now known to be common in India, Nepal, Bangladesh, Pakistan, Bhutan and Afghanistan (Banik et al., 2008). The disease is now widespread in tropical and sub-tropical countries, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and western and southern Asia (Dhar et al., 2002). In Bangladesh, PPR is considered to be prevalent in goats since 1993 (Islam et al., 2001). The seroprevalence of PPR has been reported to be 36.0% in sheep, 49.17% in goats and 19.05% in cattle from Bangladesh ( Razzaque et al., 2004 ). However, the pattern of PPR disease in goats, prevalence and underlying risk factors in Chittagong district of Bangladesh has not been systematically studied before. Such information could be useful towards understanding the economic importance and epidemiology of PPR in Chittagong as well as Bangladesh. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to determine the prevalence of PPR in goats and to identify risk factors and quantify their degree of association with PPR in goats population kept under different management practices. Such knowledge is essential in planning control strategies against PPR disease. Materials and Methods The study was carried out during the period of 2 years (January 2012 to December 2013) at Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) in Chittagong Veterinary and Animal Sciences University (CVASU), Chittagong district of Bangladesh. A total of 5485 goats were admitted during the period of 2 years with individual case registration number having address of owners, patient identification data, owners complain, anamnesis, clinical examination, system affected, and different diagnostic test, diagnosis treatments, follow up, advice and prognosis recorded in this clinical investigation records. Diagnosis of each clinical case was based on clinical history taking from the owner, physical examination, clinical signs and symptoms. The clinical examination of affected goats revealed high fever (106-107Â °F), oculo-nasal discharge, stomatitis, profuse diarrhea along with dehydration and feces adhere to hind quarter. Inspection, palpation, percussion and auscultation methods were used to examine the aff ected goats (Lefevre and Diallo, 1990). Age was categorized as kids (12 month). The year was divided into three seasons as summer (March to June), rainy (July to October) and winter (November to February) according to the climatic of Bangladesh. Breeds of goats were based on their phenotypic characters as Black Bangle goats, Jamunapari goats and others crossbreed goats. Results The total 5485 goat populations registered at Teaching Veterinary Hospital (TVH) in CVASU during the period of 2 years (2012-2013), among of them 493 goats were found to be clinically affected with PPR. Thus the overall prevalence of PPR in goats was found to be (493/5485) 8.99%. The prevalence of PPR was higher in the year of 2013 (271/2707) 10.01% than the year of 2012 (222/2778) 7.99%. In case of monthly observations, highest prevalence was recorded in the month of August (77/560) 13.75% followed by October (70/608) 11.51%, February (39/355) 10.98%, September (66/624) 10.58%, November (52/492) 10.57%, July (44/482)9.12%, April (37/450) 8.22%, June (29/630)8.05%, lower prevalence recoded in the month of December (23/370) 6.21%, January (22/432)5.09%, March (18/361)4.99% and lowest prevalence recorded in the month of May (16/391) 4.09% (Table-1). The age of goats were categorized as kids (13 month. Among of these age groups, the highest prevalence of PPR in goats was recorded in the young goats 11.72% in compare to kids 6.19% and adult goats 7.52%. The study revealed that the prevalence of PPR was higher in male goats 9.07% than female goats 8.93%. Breed was categorized as Black Bangle goats, Jamunapai goats and others cross breed goats bases on their phenotypic characters. Among of these breed groups highest prevalence was recorded in Black Bangle goats 10.11% in compare to Jamunapari 7.44% and others cross breed goats 7.79%. Season was divided as summer (March to June), rainy (July to October) and winter (November to February) based on climatic condition of Bangladesh. The highest PPR in goats were recorded in rainy season 11.30% followed by winter season 8.25% and summer season 6.40% (Table-2). Discussion The reported prevalence of PPR in goats at present study was 8.99%. In contrary with the results higher prevalence reported by Islam et al. (2012), Sarker and Islam (2011), Rahman et al. (2011), Al-Dubaib (2009), Swai et al. (2009), Mehmood et al. (2009), Ozkul et al. (2002) and Singh et al. (2004) who reported 50.27% in Patuakhali (Bangladesh), 20.57% in Rajshahi (Bangladesh), 55% in Black Bangle goat(BAU), 55.1% seroprevalence in Saudi Arabia, 49.5% seroprevalence in Tanzania, 15.36 % seroprevalence in Pakistan, 20% in Turkey and 32.4% in India. This variation might be due to different geographical location, research period, and different management practices. The prevalence of PPR in goats with age categorized as kid, young and adults were found to be 6.19% 11.72% and 7.52% respectively with the significant p value (P=0.000). Thus the reported prevalence of PPR was higher in young goats over the adults and kids agreed with the findings of Islam et al. (2012), Sarker and Islam (2011), Rahman et al. (2011), Radostits et al. (2000) and Singh et al. (2004) also reported that the disease is widely prevalent in the young goats less than one year of age. In contrast with the results of present study Singh et al. (2004), Abubakar et al. (2009) who reported that prevalence of PPR was higher at the age of old goats (>12 month). The kids are less susceptible to the disease of PPR might be due to they have maternal derived antibody persist their body before the age of weaning period. The results of the present study showed that the higher prevalence of PPR was recorded in male goats 9.07% than in female goats 8.93% but p value was not significant (P=0.862). Thus the male goats are more susceptible to PPR than female goats similarities with the results of Sarker and Islam (2011) and Rahman et al. (2004) who also reported male more prone to PPR than female. The breeds of the goats divided as Black Bangle, Jamunapari and others cross breed goats. In the present study, the highest prevalence of PPR was recorded in Black Bangle goats 10.11% in compare to Jamunapai goats 7.44% and other cross breed goats with significant p value (P=0.005). So that the Black Bangle goats were more susceptible to PPR than Jamunapari and other cross breed goats similar with the findings of Islam et al. (2012), Sarker and Islam (2011) and Mondal et al. (1995) who observed that Black Bangle goats were more susceptible to the PPR in compare to other breed. Prevalence of PPR in goats due to seasonal variation revealed that highest prevalence was found in rainy season 11.30% in compared to summer season 6.40% and winter season 8.25% with significant p value (p=0.000). Thus the present study showed that the prevalence of PPR was higher in rainy season than summer and winter season disagree with the results of Sarker and Islam (2011) who observed higher prevalence in winter season. This variation might be due to different geographical region and study period. The highest prevalence of PPR at present study was observed in the month of August 13.75% and October 11.51% in contrast with the findings of Sarker and Islam (2011); Abubakar et al. (2009) who recoded highest prevalence in the month of December (31.68%) and January (30.34%); 32.57% in March and 19.43% in April respectively. Results revealed that the lowest prevalence of PPR was observed in the month of May 4.09% in contrary with this result Abubakar et al. (2009); Sarker and Islam (2011) who reported lowest prevalence in the month of June 1.71% and 9.52% respectively.

Police Public Relations vs. Community-Police Relations Essay

Differences Between Police Public Relations Programs and Police-Community Relations Programs Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs are similar in many ways, but not are not identical or interchangeable, according to Barker, and Hunter in 2011. Police-Community Relations is a philosophy of police administration, which seeks to involve community and police in ongoing decision making concerning policies which impact both. Police Public Relations programs involve broader and more complex goals than Police-Community relations programs. One purpose of public relations programs is to develop and maintain a productive working environment for police departments to operate within, through informing the public about why officers and departments do what they do, and by enhancing their own public image as primarily community helpers and first responders, worthy of the public respect and cooperation that is necessary for police operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Programs strive to influence the following factions: the pubic in order to gain support; politicians, in order to gain funding; and staff, in order to gain consistency in operations (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Police-Community Relations programs, however, are aimed towards integration of community groups and police organizations into partnerships focused on combating both criminal and social problems (Barker & Hunter, 2011). These programs determine types of services, implementation of programs, potential problem areas, and problem solving mechanisms (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Activities and processes of Police-Community Relations programs and Police Public Relations programs contrast as well. Police Public Relations program activities are standardized, repetitive, predictable, controllable, routinized, specialized, and agency oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2011). Information flows toward public only. Police-Community Relations programs must be flexible, reflexive, adaptable, and community oriented (Barker & Hunter, 2014). Extent of departmental involvement varies with both, however, agency breadth is narrow, compartmentalized, and specialized with Police Public Relations programs, and cross divisional with Police-Community Relations programs. The City of Durham Public Relations Office in North Carolina, through a senior public affairs specialist, provides information to citizens about departmental activities , functioning through â€Å"community relations/special events, media relations, employee/internal communications and marketing  communications†, and offers National Night Out Observance, a Ride Along Program, a Citizens Academy, and external projects, which educate the public and enhance community-police relations, according to the City of Durham website. It meets the definition for a Police Public Relations program, since information flows in one direction, and the program is agency-oriented, specialized, and has events that repeat annually, according to the following website : http://durhamnc.gov/ich/op/DPD/Pages/PRUnit.aspx Charlotte-Mecklenburg Community Relations, according to the Charlotte website, seeks â€Å"to develop trust and communications between officers and citizens†, working closely wi th Charlotte-Mecklenburg Police Department, utilizing a Police Complaint Review program, which addresses police misconduct and a Police-Community Relations Award program, recognizing 32 citizen groups and officers, who have made significant contributions to police-community relations. It meets the definition for a Police-Community Relations program, since information flows both towards, and from citizens, and the program focuses on the police-community relationship, and is community-oriented. References: Barker, T., Hunter, R.. ( 2011). Police Community Relations and the Administration of Justice, 8th ed, Prentice Hall: Saddle River.

‘In Flanders Fields’, ‘Break of day in the trenches’ and ‘Dulce et decorum est’ Essay

In my opinion I think that the poems, ‘In Flanders Fields’, ‘Break of day in the trenches’ and ‘Dulce et decorum est’ do teach the modern reader a variety of different things, therefore to say: â€Å"the modern reader learns little from them† is an inaccurate conclusion to draw. I think the modern reader can learn a sufficient amount from the three poems because of the clear themes that run through them. In the poem; in Flanders fields written by John McRae, it is obvious to the reader that this poet was a patriot and that he felt that the duty of the living soldiers was to honour the deed by continuing to fight on it the Great War. This poem portrays the similar attitudes of many soldiers who fought as it reflects how important it was for them to give and sacrifice their lives for the victory of their country. As a reader, you can learn the significance of the poppy; the red colour symbolising blood and death, the natural world taking its course by allowing the poppies to grow on the dead to show its natural beauty and how death is part of a cycle and also how the natural world still exists in the chaos and destruction of war which can also be linked with the Rat in ‘break of day in the trenches’. The reader can also gain an insight into the a soldiers thoughts and feelings which can justify why they felt as if they had no option but to win and honour the dead who have already sacrificed their lives for the victory of their country. Break of day in the trenches is a great way for a 21st century reader to understand and remotely feel the suffering that took place daily for men during the First World War in the popularly talked about trenches. It teaches us the futileness of the war and the similarities and common humanities that were shared between the English and German soldiers. This is poignantly represented by a ‘queer sardonic rat’ in the poem written by Isaac Rosenberg. The rat that is mentioned highlights the importance of the freedom that these men lacked but the rat; an unwanted, diseased carrying animal that is most commonly seen as vermin had. He has the opportunity to walk around freely and do as he pleases whereas the man in a trench can only stay where he is positioned. Ironically, the rat can ‘cross the sleeping green between’ to have a better chance of survival than the men, who are ‘less chanced than you for life’. This idea is sharply perceptive. The reader can get a sense of the real trench life and how devastating the destruction was to their lives and the appalling conditions they had to bear with. The powerful line of ‘the darkness crumbles away’ suggests how close they were to the earth as it was as basic as a hole in the ground. Lastly, the poem ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ written by Wilfred Owen allows the modern reader to divulge into the world of a soldier who has to witness shocking and harrowing scenes of death and destruction day in day out. The poet gives the reader just a snippet of a typical gas attack and how they cope and deal with such a horrific situation. The reader can feel the pain and emotion that he is feeling as a poor soldier is caught in this form of attack. The lines; ‘Bent double, like old beggars under sacks†¦ coughing like hags’ shows the audience that men who are meant to be fit, healthy and able are in fact aged by the stresses and strains of these conditions and how their physical and mental states are deteriorating. The imagery and the descriptions of the gas attack in this poem are vivid which helps the reader to put in into context and can help them to visualize what is happening (‘I saw him drowning’) The speech that is used is effective because a reader can imagine the panic in their voices and how terrified they must be. Not only does the reader gain an insight into the troubles of the soldiers but the attitudes that many soldiers, poets, women and children had. The title translates as; it is a sweet and fitting thing to die for one’s country however this is very ironic as the poem suggests that it is a complete contrast. This line represents the attitudes of some people who expect the war to be a wonderful, romantic and honourable deed when in reality it causes pain. The reader can see that children were ‘ardent eyed for some desperate glory’ and they believed it was an honour to die in this way which is what the title suggests. Overall, the modern reader can learn a substantial amount from reading these poems as they all cover different aspects of the war but the most resourceful poem is ‘Dulce et Decorum est’ because the modern reader discovers the reality of life as a soldier and the ongoing difficulties that he has to face be it from staying clear from rats of escaping a gas attack. The stereotypical war idea has been removed and the reader can learn this through this poem.

Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost - 822 Words

Analysis of Home Burial by Robert Frost Robert Frost’s poem â€Å"Home Burial† relates a drama between an estranged man and his wife. He presents a dramatic poem in the form of a dialogue about a couple that argues, differs with their opinions, and separates at the end. The center of the argument is around the death of their child. The poem is rich in human feelings; it highlights the expression of grief, frustration and anger that the couple shares while trying to deal with the death of their child. The Analysis of the poem will emphasize on the dramatic situation and identify the different elements that formed it such as the form, the tone, the imagery, and the language. â€Å"Home Burial† is a dramatic lyric in the form of a dialogue between†¦show more content†¦On the other hand, Amy cannot seem to let her grief go. She feels like her life has no meaning without her dead child. She is also angry with her husband because he dug their child’s grave and buried him. 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